Творчість Е. Хемінгуея 40-50-х рр. ХX століття в суспільному та культурному контексті американської дійсності

Abstract

Стаття присвячена дослідженню періоду творчості Е.Хемінгуея 40-50-х рр. ХХ ст., який можна виокремити в особливий період. Американські літературознавці однозначно виділяють у творчості Е.Хемінгуея три основні періоди. Перший з них вони відносять до 20-х років, другий пов’язують з епохою 30-х років та виділяють його на тій підставі, що Е.Хемінгуей в цей період звертається до соціальної проблематики в своїй творчості, щоправда, значно меншою мірою, ніж це було властиво більшості письменників США на той час. Третій період творчого шляху Е.Хемінгуея- 40-50-ті роки, - на думку американських літературознавців, можна виділити на основі ностальгічної спрямованості, властивій творам письменника цього періоду, вираженої автобіографічності його творчості, відмови Е.Хемінгуея від вирішення суспільних проблем у художніх творах. The article is devoted to the study of E.Hemingway’s creativity of the 40-50’s of the 20th century, which can be singled out during a special period. American literary critics clearly distinguish in E.Hemingway’s work three main periods. The first of them they belong to the 20-ies, the second is associated with the era of the 30-ies and distinguish it on the grounds that E.Hemingway during this period turns to social issues in his work, however, to a much lesser extent than it was typical of most US writers at that time. The third period of E.Hemingway’s creative path - 40-50-ies, according to American literary critics, can be distinguished on the basis of the nostalgic orientation that characterised the writer of this period, the expressed autobiographical nature of his work, the refusal of E.Hemingway from solving social problems in the works of art. The article is devoted to the study of tragedy, characteristic to some extent to the majority of E.Hemingway’s works of the 1940s and 1950s, is also a consequence of the writer’s personal worldview and spiritual crisis. In the second half of the 40s, E.Hemingway was experiencing a creative decline. The severe physical and mental state after the experience at the front, the divorce with Martha Gellhorn, the numerous injuries he received in the second half of the 1940s, affect the health of the writer and lead to a weakening of his creativity. In the first half of the 50s, the life hardships that haunt the writer continue. Charles Scribner, the publisher and friend of Hemingway, are passing away; his second wife, Pauline Pfeiffer; Grace Hall-Hemingway, the writer’s mother; father of Mary Welch, his last wife. Hemingway continues to pursue auto and aircraft crashes. E.Hemingway, who survived the creative and spiritual upsurge in the second half of the 1930s and the first half of the 1940s, associated with joining the anti-fascist struggle, is disappointed in the post-war American society, which forgot about the lessons of the recent war. At the same time, even before the war, in the novel «To Have and Not to Have» (1937), E.Hemingway mentions crisis phenomena in the spiritual life of the USA, telling about the fate of people who lost their fortunes, that some chose a long fall from the window of the office or apartment house; others tightly locked the garage doors and started the engine; the third resorted to the domestic tradition of the Colt or Smith-and-Wesson of these magnificent products of the American industry, such portable, so reliable, so well-equipped to end the American Dream when it goes into a nightmare.