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    Фальшивомонетництво на українських землях (1795–1917 рр.)
    (2021) Бойко-Гагарін, А. С.; Boiko-Haharin, A.
    У дисертації вперше комплексно розглянуто проблему фальшування грошей в Україні в період перебування території під владою Російської, Австрійської, Австро-Угорської та Османської імперій у 1795–1917 роки. Як передумову виникнення підробок грошей подано характеристику грошовому господарству, доповнену маловідомими історичними фактами. Проведено комплексне дослідження всіх складових процесу фальшування грошей: окреслено фінансові диверсії іноземних емітентів, визначено особливості фальшивомонетництва у Царстві Польському, виявлено підробки іноземних грошових знаків. Розглянуто соціальний аспект фальшивомонетництва, описано технологічні процеси виготовлення підробок та надано оцінку процесу державної протидії підробці грошей. Представлено соціальний портрет фальшивомонетників, визначено регіональні особливості цієї проблеми. Дисертація є першим спеціальним дослідженням історії фальшивомонетництва в Україні, обґрунтованим на аналізі широкого ряду різнопланових джерел: матеріалів архівів, періодичної преси, музейних та приватних зібрань, більшість яких вводиться до наукового обігу вперше. The dissertation considers comprehensively for the first time the problem of money counterfeiting in Ukraine during the rule of the Russian, Austrian, Austro- Hungarian and Ottoman empires over Ukrainian territories in 1795–1917. As a prerequisite for the appearance of counterfeit money, a brief preamble on the history of the region’s economy is given, supplemented with obscure facts. A comprehensive study of all components of the counterfeiting process has been completed: outlining the financial sabotage by foreign issuers, highlighting the features of counterfeiting in the Kingdom of Poland, revealing counterfeits of foreign currency. The social aspect of counterfeiting is considered; the technological processes of counterfeit money manufacture are outlined; the process of state counteraction to counterfeiting is assessed; the social portrait of counterfeiters is given; the regional peculiarities of this problem are traced. It has been established, that during the researched period, the counterfeiters have successfully falsified almost all of the most popular samples of coins and paper banknotes among the population. Persons who smuggled coins illegally and imported inferior coins from abroad were treated equally to counterfeiters themselves. The most popular samples for counterfeiting money of the Russian Empire among banknotes are 25 rubles, and less frequently – 10, 5 and 3 rubles; among coins, silver rubles and kopecks were counterfeited more frequently, less often gold rubles – 5 and 10. Most often a coin of 20 kopecks was used as a sample for counterfeiting. In the Austrian and Austro-Hungarian empires, 20 kreutzer coins became the most common pattern for counterfeiting, and after the reform, counterfeiting trends changed – the most popular prototypes for counterfeiting were 20 hellers, 5 and 1 korones. Evidence points that the most common forged banknotes were pre-reform 1 and 10 guldens, and in the 20 th century – 10, 20, 50 and 100 korones. It has been established that the object of counterfeiting in the Kingdom of Poland was not only the all-imperial Russian coin, but also its own regional coin, as well as the coins of neighboring Prussia, which were available in circulation. The 10 groschen coin of the 1840 model can easily be called one of the most popular coins of its time. Numerous evidence of double zloty counterfeit has been collected in Volyn and Polissia. Since 1735, the Russian Empire has secretly established the production of high- quality imitations of Dutch gold ducats. During the Russo-Turkish War of 1806–1812, the St. Petersburg Mint produced imitations of the Turkish kuruş to be used for supplying the army at the Danube theater of operations. On a private initiative, counterfeiters in the Russian Empire also used coins from France and Italy, and in the Austrian and Austro-Hungarian empires – large silver coins from Romania, France, Switzerland, and the United States have been forged. Some counterfeit money has been smuggled out of China. The full technological chain of the coin and paper banknote counterfeiting process has been reliably determined, starting with the search for appropriate raw materials (tin, mercury, watermarked paper) and ending with error correction (coating the surface of coins with faux precious metal, imitation of signatures and series on paper banknotes). Often the description of the equipment, the list of tools, as well as the technical characteristics of the counterfeit coins can be found on the pages of periodicals, the sequences and features of the technical implementation of these processes in the production of counterfeit money are revealed in the interrogations of detained and convicted counterfeiters, some of which were preserved in archival materials. Emphasis is placed on the differences in the counterfeiting processes in the Russian, Austrian and Austro-Hungarian empires. The main factor here was the practice of established imitation of foreign coins at the state level in the Russian Empire, whereas in the Austrian and Austro-Hungarian empires foreign coin became a prototype for private forgery more often; falsification according to the prototype of regional financial emissions is characteristic of the Russian Empire exclusively. The technical processes of counterfeiters of the two empires also had differences in the choice of metal for counterfeit coins. The phenomenon of counterfeiting acquired new traits during WWI – like the increase in the number of counterfeit paper banknotes. We can assume, with a high degree of probability, that due to increasing demand for coins caused by the financial crisis brought upon by wartime, that most of the known samples of counterfeit coins were made during the Great War. A wide variety of securities have been forged: winning tickets of the 1 st domestic government loan, postage stamps, food cards, promissory notes, etc. Technologically, the degree of complexity was even slightly lower, and the potential amounts of counterfeit bills sometimes reached impressive proportions. The spread of counterfeit credit bills and coins has forced the authorities to ban the imagery of money and securities in printed media. A comprehensive analysis of the sources allowed us to establish the topography of areas with the highest concentration of counterfeit money – those are Kyiv, Odesa, Lodz and in the 1880s, the Podillia region. As for the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the presence of counterfeit has been detected throughout Galicia: in Brody, Hlyniany, Horodenka, Beryslav, Drohobych and Stanyslaviv. Counterfeit sales often took place in Lviv, Sudova Vyshnia and Berdychiv. Determining the social aspect of counterfeiting in the Russian Empire era (line of work, nationality of counterfeiters, their age, features of vocabulary, etc.) is very important; It was established that the people most often involved with counterfeiting were: blacksmiths, engravers, locksmiths, printers, photographers, etc. In terms of ethnicity, it was established that counterfeiters have been predominantly Jewish. The measures taken by the authorities against counterfeiting have arguably not been fully effective in achieving their goal. With the termination of capital punishment for counterfeiters in the 19 th century. the number of such crimes decreased compared to the number of counterfeit currency available in circulation, although the attribution of bounties for exposing counterfeiters created a precedent for accusations against innocent people – personal enemies or competitors of the accuser. The established system of information spreading, which pertained sending government securities from the Expedition to provincial centers and later to enterprises with significant cash turnover did not yield significant results. This dissertation is the first special study of the history of counterfeiting in Ukraine, based on the analysis of a wide range of different sources: archive cases, periodical literature, museums and private collections – most of which are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.