Суспільно-політичні процеси та збройні конфлікти в Гетьманщині середини XVII – 60-х рр. XVIII ст. у відображенні історичних пісень і дум

Abstract

Дисертація є першою працею в українській історіографії, у якій системно досліджено історичні пісні та думи у записах дорадянського періоду у контексті висвітлення народного сприйняття суспільно-політичних процесів та збройних конфліктів у Гетьманщині середини XVII – 60-х рр. XVIII ст. У ній вперше при дослідженні поетичного фольклору Гетьманщину було виділено як окремий територіальний сегмент; з’ясовано періодизацію тогочасних подій і явищ крізь призму історичних пісень та дум, порівнюючи з сучасною історіографією; простежено, як їхні сюжети, через народне сприйняття, відтворюють багатовекторність суспільно-політичного буття українців; на основі цих сюжетів обґрунтовано думку, що населення Гетьманщини розвивалось у руслі загальноєвропейських тенденцій і водночас набуло чимало своєрідних рис через впливи козацтва та чумацтва як двох специфічно національних явищ. Встановлено, що історичні пісні та думи містять низку альтернативних суджень, оцінок і характеристик щодо подій в Гетьманщині середини XVII – 60-х рр. XVIII ст., якщо порівнювати з наявними в історіографії дослідницькими інтерпретаціями. Матеріали дисертації дають змогу сформувати більш комплексне бачення історії цього регіону, а також діяльності його непересічних суспільно-політичних діячів. The thesis is the first study in the Ukrainian historiography, in which the systematic research of historical songs and dumas in records of the pre-Soviet period in the context of the coverage of popular perception of the socio-political processes and armed struggle in the Hetmanate in the middle of the XVII – 60-ies of the XVIII century was conducted. For the first time, in the study of poetic folklore the Hetmanate was distinguished as a separate territorial segment; the periodization of events and phenomena of that time through the prism of Ukrainian poetic folklore in comparison with the current historiography has been clarified; it has been shown that many storylines of historical songs and dumas through the popular perception reproduce the multi-vector nature of the social and political life of Ukrainians; on the basis of these storylines, the opinion that the population of the Hetmanate developed in line with European tendencies and at the same time acquired many peculiar features due to the influence of the Cossacks and Chumaks as two specific national phenomena was justified. It has been found that historical songs and dumas contain a number of alternative judgments, evaluations and characteristics concerning the events in the Hetmanate in the middle of the XVII – 60-ies of the XVIII century, if compared with the available research evaluations in historiography. In particular, this concerns the general periodization of the Hetmanate, the character of Khmelnychchyna. It is revealed that the reflection of events of Khmelnychchyna in historical songs and dumas has mostly profound and true roots. It has been proved that in general in the historical songs and dumas there are the convincingly objective characteristics of the civil opposition in the Hetmanate after the death of B. Khmelnytsky and before the election of Hetman I. Mazepa. The extremely negative economic and political consequences of that time for Ukrainians were emotionally narrated. At the same time this period, defined in modern historiography as civil wars, is not distinguished in the general history of the region, and it has never been called the «Ruin», despite the existence of this title in the documents and its usage in the daily life of that time. In the framework of the study in many aspects the subtext of the National Revolution was interpreted in a new way in the context of the confrontation between the two worlds – Orthodox and Muslim – through the prism of the people’s vision. In particular, the militant attitude of Ukrainians towards the aggressive policy of the Ottoman Empire against the population of the Hetmanate is clearly traced. It was revealed that especially colourful are historical songs and dumas devoted to the struggle of the Hetmanate’s population for national-religious independence in the late XVII – 60-ies of the XVIII century. They are saturated with a large number of facts and descriptions of events that have actually occurred. They were dominated by storylines of allegiance to the Orthodox identity and the homeland in the fight against aggressive enemies, protests against social and national oppression. Sometimes there were the appeals to unite the forces of Ukrainians and Russians against the external enemy. However, there was also dissatisfaction with the20 policy of Moscow regarding the population of the region, especially with the brazen behaviour, the violence of the Tsar’s soldiers, and so on. In the context of the socio-economic relations of the main characters in poetic folklore, the following statements have been substantiated: firstly, in the storylines the status of all the estates of society of that time – the prosperous Cossacks and gentry, ordinary Cossacks and peasantry, even townspeople and workers, beggars, elders, moneylenders, and tenants were covered. Among them Ukrainians, Jews, Russians, Poles, Turks, Tatars, Moldovans, and to a lesser extent – Swedes and Hungarians were depicted. Secondly, not only the types, but also the specific amount of obligations of individuals to the landowner and the state in general are accurately described. Some of them coincide with the documentary material and include additional information, which can serve as an original specification of the known facts. Thirdly, an important place is given to the coverage of specific domestic affairs (the usage of certain tools, holidays, food, «natural calendar», etc.). Fourth, the characters of the Cossacks as free individuals who throughout history gradually become impoverished and fell into dependence from those in power, as well as the characters of peasants, who were «traditionally» disenfranchised and constantly busy with exhausting labour on their landowners are depicted quite realistically. Fifthly, the images of vile and sinister landowner’s wives and daughters as opposed to the suffering women-labourers from peasantry are depicted quite convincingly. It has been determined that throughout the cycle of poetry directly devoted to Chumaks as a national phenomenon there are no storylines, which tell us about the all-out struggle against the Turks, Tatars or Polacks, or even «own» robbers, for example, some Cossack detachments. In the historical songs and dumas the Chumaks are often depicted not as the active defenders of their freedom and property, but as the victims or those who had failed, suffered from the losses in professional activities, physical harassment, etc. At the same time, poetry created in the Chumak environment should be estimated as a unique treasure in the world historical culture. Their storylines are original; they have no similarities and analogies in the folk art of other nations. From the practical point of view, they can serve as an important historical source for the study of the everyday life of the Chumaks of various categories and income – one of the most powerful providers of Ukrainian trade. It has been proved that the analysed historical songs and dumas are deeply realistic pieces of folk art. The realism, as a method of the true depiction of social life, is completely manifested in them. At the same time, in the second half of the XVII–XVIII century they were created primarily on the basis of «spontaneous» realism. The materials of the thesis enable to form a more comprehensive vision of the history of this region, as well as the activities of its outstanding personalities.