Національні меншини Правобережжя України у контексті етнічної політики Російської імперії (кінець XVIII – початок ХХ ст.)

Abstract

У дисертації, з урахуванням надбань української та зарубіжної історіографії, на широкій і репрезентативній джерельній базі викладено результати дослідження соціально-економічних, освітніх, релігійних аспектів життєдіяльності національних меншин Правобережної України і вплив на них етнічної політики царату з часу 42 приєднання краю до Російської імперії і до початку Першої світової війни. З’ясовано теоретико-методологічні засади дослідження національних меншин у контексті етнічної політики царату. Проаналізовано зовнішні та внутрішні фактори, що впливали на етнонаціональну політику Російської імперії. Визначено особливості діяльності владних інституцій в етнополітичному просторі регіону, їхню нормативно-правову базу. Розкрито вплив політики Санкт-Петербургу на етнодемографічні й етносоціальні процеси в регіоні. Реконструйовано соціально-економічний контекст етнічної політики царизму, принципи освітньої політики в етнонаціональному просторі, релігійне життя національних меншин у Південно-Західному краї. Обґрунтовано науково-практичні рекомендації та пропозиції щодо подальшого вивчення національних меншин України і впливу на них політики владних режимів, уроків для сучасної політики Української держави в етнонаціональній сфері. The thesis, taking into account the achievements of Ukrainian and foreign historiography, a broad and representative source basis, reveals the results of research on the socio-economic, educational, and religious aspects of life of the most numerous minorities of the Right-Bank Ukraine (Poles, Jews, Germans and Czechs) and ethnic policy of tsarism impact on them since joining those territories to the Russian Empire and to the beginning of World War I. It is defined the theoretical and methodological bases of the research on minorities in the context of ethnic policy of tsarism. It is processed a large amount of national and foreign historiography which is devoted to various aspects of given research, singled out the main periods of historiographical research, shown achievements and unsolved problems. It is revealed the specifics of the research sources, which are represented by regulatory acts and bills of the central and local authorities, statistical materials, periodicals, memoirs, diaries and correspondence of prominent socio-political, cultural and educational figures and colonists. It is analyzed external (revolutionary events in Europe of late XVIII – mid XIX century, which showed the potential of a democratic liberation of the national question; an economic and cultural backwardness of the Russian Empire in comparison with Western Europe, forcing the government to involve German and Czech immigrants; an experience to solve the "Jewish question" by European countries with a restrictive legislation) and internal (attitude of ethnic minorities towards the existing political and legal system and government institutions of the state; the change of the power regimes in the empire; the Polish insurrections, pogroms of Jews; the growth of national consciousness of the Russians, the politicization of ethnic movements; the Revolution of 1905 and elections to the State Dumas) factors of ethnic policy of the Russian Empire. It is determined that the right-bank Ukrainian provinces possessed an outstanding place in the system of administrative units of the Empire and an ethnic policy of tsarism had their own characteristics there. It is revealed the extent of administrative reforms and their impact on the national life of the Right-Bank Ukraine. It is defined the special features of activities conducted by the government institutions and administrative control in ethno-political sphere of the region, their regulatory framework. It is proved that the ethnic policy of the Empire on the Right Bank was not the direct object in 44 jurisdiction of a particular government institution, but the whole vertical governance - from the emperor to the local authorities. The influence of imperial policy on ethno-demographic and ethno-social processes is shown. In a comparative context it is clarified the political, socio-economic and cultural well-being of local Poles, Jews, Germans and Czechs. It is found that after Polish lands have joined the Empire the Polish question was the primary concern of the Russian tsarist government. To solve this problem the government tried to limit the economic potential of the Polish population by converting the majority of the Polish nobility to a taxable class, bringing onto their territory the Russian population and increasing their land ownership. The government considered the solution of Jewish question in creation of the "belt of Jewish settlement", struggle against "parasitic" lifestyle of Jews. It is shown that an important element of the socio-economic component of ethnic policy in St. Petersburg was the involvement of German and Czech settlers on the right-bank territories. Considering the educational direction of the Russian ethnic policy in the region, special attention is paid to the role of the Russian Orthodox Church, which, in the given period, also conducted an educational function. It is shown, on the particular facts, the controversial relationship between schools of ethnic minorities and the state; poor support of educational initiatives by St. Petersburg for ethnic minorities. The formative stages of German schooling development are presented. The research proves the statement that all church and religious policy on the Right Bank Ukraine was subordinated to general interests of the Russian autocracy and it was based on a support of Orthodoxy, the elimination of the Greek Catholic Church and the limitation of the Catholic Church rights. Scientific and practical recommendations and suggestions for a further study of national minorities of Ukraine, their sensitivity to the policy of governmental regimes, the lessons of policy in ethno-national sphere in contemporary Ukraine are grounded.