Важка промисловість Сходу і Півдня України під час Першої світової війни

Abstract

У дисертаційному дослідженні на основі аналізу широкого кола джерел, значна частина з яких уперше вводиться до наукового обігу, висвітлено економічну діяльність підприємств важкої промисловості Сходу і Півдня України в роки Першої світової війни. Визначено вплив заходів, спрямованих на мілітаризацію промисловості та посилення державного регулювання економіки на роботу підприємств важкої індустрії в умовах ведення бойових дій. Висвітлено значення антиурядових виступів, страйків, запровадження робітничого контролю для організації роботи промисловості. Досліджено вплив руйнування економічних зв’язків на організацію виробництва, його фінансування та збут готової продукції. На основі застосування біхевіористичного аналізу висвітлено зусилля правлячих верств із модернізації транспортної системи, коригування інфляційних процесів, регулювання енергетичного ринку, а також зайнятості на підприємствах важкої промисловості Сходу і Півдня України. The analysis of a wide range of sources, which are first introduced into scientific circulation was shown in the thesis. On the basis of an interdisciplinary approach impartial analysis of heavy industry in Eastern and Southern Ukraine during the First World War was made. The author detected the effect of measures which were aimed at strengthening the militarization of industry and government regulation of the economy for work of heavy industry enterprises in war conditions. The influence of social relations between the nobility, the bourgeoisie and the working class and their impact on the organization of the production process had been distinguished. The research deals with the importance of anti- government protests, strikes, introducing workers’ control for the organization of the industry. The specifics of workers’ committees at enterprises of different ownership and specialization were traced in the thesis. In 1917 the utopian idea of worker participation in the management of enterprises was demonstrated: workers’ committees not only included some kind of workers capable to large-scale managerial work, the formation of logistics in production management and staff, but also openly were engaged in the redistribution of funds of enterprises in their favor. In addition, the workers’ demands to raise wages gradually became unfeasible for most not only small but also medium sized enterprises. Big enterprenours and businessmen, seeing no prospects of production, gradually refused the investment, preferring withdrawal of capital abroad. Representatives of the absolute majority of workers’ committees found very low levels of training and financial maturity to provide additional investment. The changes of horizontal industrial relations in the conditions of fighting and character of the development of transport infrastructure, concentration of capital and placement of specialized institutions were determined in the work. The author shows the influence of political attitudes of different categories of employees on their participation in productive activities taking into account workers social stratification by age, wealth and gender, the reasons that influenced the behavior of political protests are depicted there. The efforts of the Russian Empire, the Provisional Government and the Ukrainian state authorities in the arear of the smooth operation of industrial plants are characterized and the factors are specified standing in the way of this process. Therefore, the dynamics and quality of life of the main categories of employees are determined and the weight of government measures aimed to increase wages and the relationship between workers and employers on different types of specialized establishments of heavy industry. The efforts and contributions of both individuals and labor groups to ensure the smooth operation of business enterprises are specified. Based on the analysis of a wide range of archive material for the first time in Ukrainian history the activities placed of marine enterprises in Ukraine of the World War I were highlighted. The author gives the definition of the content, nature and characteristics of execution of orders for the construction of ships of various types and purposes. It was proved that the war marine enterprises continued to perform the most complex orders. Their capacities were limited by displacement of Dock equipment, but the production of technology, technical and human resources provided the fundamental building ship of any existent type at the time. The greatest part of equipment supply for the ships construction was organized involving companies located in the Russian Empire. The high level of plant management and equipment of marine enterprises (primarily «Naval» and «Rossud») with the help of the newest equipment allowed to build battleships-dreadnoughts. Besides, up- to-date cruisers also built, destroyers of turbine power plants, submarines and a large number of ships intended for transportation, and for amphibious operations. Odesa and Sevastopol Admiralty, leased Russian shipping company and trade not only successfully built ships for various purposes, but also provide refurbishment and retrofitting vehicles for military needs. On the basis of behavioral analysis the ruling class efforts to modernize the transport system, adjustment of inflation, regulation of the energy market and employment in heavy industry of the Eastern and Southern Ukraine was highlighted. Indicated that the economy in war conditions acquired unprecedented proportions. Having established at the beginning of the war control over private railways, the Government has drawn and implementation, railways and other natural duties which size rapidly increased. The government of the Russian Empire chose the intervention of the state in economic development with the introduction of a number of emergency measures, among which are requisitioning, sequestration, confiscation were strengthened. But the strengthening of state intervention in the economy did not provide the expected results failed to stop the crisis, which intensified in the industrial development of the East and South of Ukraine. Reckless financial policy of the Russian Empire led to the rise of inflationary phenomena in scale, which led to the destruction of economic activity and led to the collapse of the state.