Формування наукових основ шкільної гігієни на терені України в другій половині ХІХ – на поч. ХХ ст.

Abstract

Дисертація присвячена комплексному дослідженню історії формування наукових основ шкільної гігієни на теренах України в другій половині ХІХ – початку ХХ ст. У роботі розглянуто період становлення перших загальнодержавних лікарських конгресів - з’їздів російських природодослідників, їх внесок у вирішення першочергових проблем шкільної гігієни; проаналізовано шкільний санітарний напрямок роботи з’їздів Товариства російських лікарів у пам’ять М.І. Пирогова та науково- організаційного супроводу діяльності шкільних лікарів комісією з шкільної гігієни та поширення гігієнічних знань; проаналізовано перші розробки проблем шкільної гігієни у роботі губернських з’їздів, санітарно-гігієнічних заходів та перших проектів санітарно-гігієнічних дослідження навчальних закладів; узагальнено санітарно-гігієнічні дослідження шкіл, проведених земськими лікарями та ученими; проаналізовано роботу членів місцевих медичних товариств у напрямі вивчення та подолання антисанітарних умов у навчальних закладах; розкрито зміст і напрями перших в Україні санітарно- гігієнічних досліджень навчальних закладів, які були проведені земськими і міськими лікарями, визначено їх внесок у формування наукових основ шкільної гігієни. The thesis is devoted to complex research of the history of the formation of school health research bases on the territory of Ukraine in the second half of the nineteenth - early twentieth centuries. In this study we have considered the period of formation of the first national medical congresses - Congresses of Russian natural scientists and their contribution to solving the urgent problems of school hygiene; Committee on school hygiene and the dissemination of knowledge of hygiene. The school- sanitary areas in the work of Pyrogov N. I Russian doctors Congress and their scientific and organizational support of the activities of school doctors has been analized; eithr with the early development of of school hygiene issues in the provincial congresses of physicians, their work in the direction of the sanitary studies and the first projects of sanitary researches in educational institutions; we also describe the general sanitary research in schools, conducted by a country doctors and scientists; the work of members of local medical societies in the direction of learning and overcoming the unhygienic conditions in schools has been analized; opened one of the first in Ukraine sanitary - hygiene researches in educational institutions, conducted by rural and local doctors. The contribution to the development of scientific bases of school hygiene has been considered. The urgency of the problem is found, identified the object, the subject, purpose and objectives, research methods, scientific novelty and practical significance of outcoming results has been described. The first chapter analyzes the degree of scientific development of a chosen theme, identifies the main stages of development of historiographical of scientific thought on the researched topic. Also we analyzed the sources and defined methodology of scientific research. The second chapter discusses the background of the first convocation of the All-Russia Congresses, role in this endeavor, Ukrainian scientists and doctors. The first congress of the doctors have made it possible to announce at Russia-Wide grandstand about the school health issues and start working on getting it fixed. A major role in the formation of the conventions and implementation of their decisions played Ukrainian scientists, doctors - Uvarov M.S., Kessler K. S., Vasilevsky M.P., Troitskiy I.V. and others. The third chapter reviews the activities of the local medical society in the Ukrainian provinces, who directed great efforts to solve the actual problems such as: fighting against epidemics, improving the living conditions, training, health education among the population. Despite all the difficulties which were making some obstacles, thanks to the selfless work of the doctors, scientists, hygienic measures that have started to entering into the practice of Zemstvos. The chapter describes the activities in the field of pre-school health and hygiene on the Spread of knowledge among the population, members of local associations of doctors - Levenson D. M., Hrzhonschevskyi N. A., Tezyakova N. I. etc. The fourth chapter deals with the results of the work of doctors and scientists in the field of sanitation and hygiene education research in schools. Specifies the deplorable condition of schools and the failure in keeping hygiene conditions in institutions. The state of the legal framework of activities of school doctors of the second half of XIX - early XX century has been analyzed. We have considered the implementation of school health education in schools as a multidimensional process of developing of sanitary standards, educational activities, sanitary control over the implementation of relevant rules, providing medican staff to the educational institution. The role of Russian fellowship of protecting public health (led by A. P. Dobroslavin ) in the development of practical school hygiene has been found, we have analiyed the section of school hygiene company and its local departments in the areas of development of sanitary inspections of schools, their methodological support, promotion of preventive measures, the creation of children rehabilitation institutions and so on. Given the results of the evaluation of the All-Russian hygienic exhibition in St. Petersburg, as an illustration of certain achievements Zemsky doctors and scientists-hygienists. In the conclusions the results of the research has been summarized.